Problem 2.

Discrimination

Additionally, international students report experiencing discrimination during their on-campus interactions with faculty and administration, in seeking funding or job opportunity. (Li et al., 2017).  With regard to social isolation, international students expressed cross-cultural difficulties when interacting with American students (Li et al., 2017). With the implementation of mentoring programs, counselors introduce thought-provoking discussions, support groups, and involvement in student organizations is being done to aid in the social isolation of international students (Kim et al., 2019).

International students also frequently encounter ethnic and racial discrimination on college and university campuses throughout the United States (Rankin & Reason, 2005). Discrimination has a number of harmful and damaging consequences, including depriving people of their basic essentials and possibilities, as reported by S. Nieto (2004). Discrimination or perceived discrimination has a number of negative consequences, the most common of which are identity problems, depression and anxiety (Leong & Ward, 2000), isolation  (Stroebe, van Vliet, Hewstone, & Willis, 2002), and low self-esteem (Schmitt, Spears, & Branscombe, 2003). According to research, ethnic and racial discrimination is a pervasive issue for many international students on U.S. college and university campuses (Rankin & Reason, 2005).

References

Kim, N., Oh, S., & Mumbauer, J. (2019). Supporting International Students: Enhancing College Counselors’ Multicultural Counseling Competence. Journal of College Counseling, 22(2), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12129

Leong, C-H., & Ward, C. (2000). Identity conflict in sojourners. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(6), 763–776. doi:10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00030-4.

Li, Z., Heath, M. A., Jackson, A. P., Allen, G. E. K., Fischer, L., & Chan, P. (2017). Acculturation experiences of Chinese international students who attend American universities. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000117

Nieto, S. (2004). Racism, discrimination, and expectations of students’ achievement. In A. S. Canestrari & B. A. Marlowe (Eds.), Educational foundations: An anthology of critical readings (pp. 44-63). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rankin, S. R., & Reason, R. D. (2005). Differing perceptions: How students of color and white students perceive campus climate for underrepresented groups. Journal of College Student Development, 46(1), 43–61.

Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R., & Branscombe, N. R. (2003). Constructing a minority group identity out of shared rejection: The case of international students. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–12.

Stroebe, M., Van Vliet, T., Hewstone, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Homesickness among students in two cultures: Antecedents and consequences. British Journal of Psychology, 93(2), 147–168. doi:10.1348/000712602162508